How the Data Can Be Stored for a Long Time?

Many different forms of storage, based on various natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage have some drawbacks. Therefore a computer system usually contains several kinds of storage, each with an individual purpose. The computer system is the main data storage and commonly used by people to store the data for a long time. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits. A piece of information can be handled by any computer whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, using eight million bits, or about one megabyte, a typical computer could store a short novel.

Traditionally the most important part of every computer is the central processing unit (CPU, or simply a processor), because it actually operates on data, performs any calculations, and controls all the other components. In practice, almost all computers use a variety of memory types, organized in a storage hierarchy around the CPU, as a trade-off between performance and cost. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its access latency is from the CPU. This traditional division of storage to primary, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit.

The first hierarchy of storage is primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.

Then, followed by secondary storage (or external memory) differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there.
In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds. Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash memory (e.g. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives.

After that, the tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands, this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archival of rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1-10 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes.

While in the flow of hierarchy is an off-line storage is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit.The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction.
Off-line storage increases general information security, since it is physically inaccessible from a computer, and data confidentiality or integrity cannot be affected by computer-based attack techniques. Also, if the information stored for archival purposes is accessed seldom or never, off-line storage is less expensive than tertiary storage.

In modern personal computers, most secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives. In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, Zip disks, or punched cards.

Based on the hierarchy of storage, the data are able to keep in longer time period which is the data will be store in the each of example of the four types hierarchy of storage either primary, secondary, tertiary or offline storage.

MIS750

Information Technology Management (MIS750)

Course Description

An information system (IS) collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose “Application”. ( according to textbook)

Information Technology Management is concerned with exploring and understanding Information Technology as a corporate resource that determines both the strategic and operational capabilities of the firm in designing and developing products and services for maximum customer satisfaction, corporate productivity, profitability and competitiveness.

IT Management is a different subject from Management Information Systems. Management Information Systems refer to information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making. IT Management, as stated in the above definition, refers to the IT related management activities in organizations. MIS as it is referred to is focus mainly on the business aspect with a strong input into the technology phase of the business/organization.(according to wikipedia)

Education's memories

My memories during degree level in UiTM Campus Dungun.......

My degree's classmate in UiTM Dungun

Special About Me.....

Everyone must be proud with themselves and want to become the best person. I also want to become the best person among the best for myself, family and people around me. My lovely name is Nurulshahada binti Ahmad Salim. My name gives most good means which is the light of guidelines .I was born at Bukit Kuang, Chukai Kemaman on 13 August 1986. I am twenty-three years old. I live at Kampung Nibong, Kuala Berang.
I live with my family consisting of my parents and five children. I am the first one. Below me are two younger sisters and two younger brothers. As an eldest, I must be someone that give good example and be responsible to all my siblings.
My father works as farmer. He is about fifty-one years old. My mother only as fulltime housewife. She is about thirty-one years old. My father is strong and healthy. He is also a very funny man. He tells us a lot of jokes. I like to hear his jokes. My mother is a pretty woman. As a housewife, she does a lot of work. She cooks our food, washes our clothes and does many other things. She works for the whole day. But she never looks tired. Sometimes I feel very sorry for her. My parent will do anything to fulfill our need especially our study and I love both of them very much.
I have a number of things I like to do in my free time. They are my hobbies. The hobby I like most is listening to music. Another hobby that I spend time are reading novels and surfing internet. Those hobbies can release my tension and fulfill my free time.
Everyone have their weaknesses and strengtheners. My weaknesses are sensitive and moody. My strengtheners are friendly and patient person. I was tried to avoid my weaknesses but I am as a human being.
My personal belief that everyone are clever person and they have change to successful in life, only their good or bad attitude will made them differ to each other. For me someone that hardworking and believe her own self will be successful in their life. Besides that, to become successful we also need someone to give support and guidelines to us. For me my father and my mother are the most important person in my life that I love them so much. They have been particularly person in my life in terms of making decisions in all aspects. They always give me supports and guidelines before I make any decisions. I am so proud with them and also indeed lucky to have such parents like them.
My primary school is Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Nibong and my secondary school is Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Matang. I am active person during school level, I was active in club, associations and also in spot. I am treasurer of cyber club and as secretary in PBSM Associations. Then, I further my study in Diploma in Banking at UiTM Machang, Kelantan. I have spent my diploma studies for three years in UiTM Machang, Kelantan. During my studies in diploma level, I learned to become as active and good student. I was one of the active student in my campus, I become one of the member in high achiever club, I also one of the committee in my programs associations known as D’Bankers. Besides that, I also involved in college associations known as Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Kolej and become one of the committee. When I actively involved in associations, I learned about leadership, improve my level of confidence and develop my soft skill. Even though I active in associations, I never lost focus on my study which is I finished my study in diploma level with excellent result which is CGPA 3.72 and graduated with Anugerah Naib Canselor. After that, I continued my study in degree level at UiTM Dungun, Terengganu. I continued in Bachelor’s Degree Business Administration (Hons) Finance. During my degree level, I was not too actively involved in associations. I only become the committee in my programs associations known as FISA. I finished my study in degree level with CGPA 3.56, although I not able to finish my study in degree level as excellent than my diploma level, I feel glad and thankful for Allah because I able finished with first class degree. I am so thankful for Allah S.W.T.
Based on my achievements, I have been on the dean’s list for every semester in my diploma level and graduated with Anugerah Naib Canselor. I am also the best academic student of my Diploma in Banking. While I got dean list for two times in degree level and graduated with first class degree. I believe good achievements will not come without good people to support me and this was proven by the amount of encouragement I received from my lecturers and also from people around me, my family and my friends.
Currently, I’m doing MBA program at UiTM Shah Alam and hope that I’m able to finish it in time and look foward to achieve my dream as a lecturer.